PIVOT Center

Since 1965, the University of Utah and the state of Utah have established a global reputation for leadership in technology commercialization. But that’s only part of the story. On behalf of the U, the PIVOT Center serves as a catalyst for the regional ecosystem, integrating technology commercialization and economic development. PIVOT Center prioritizes connecting stakeholders (U faculty inventors, industry, entrepreneurs, investors, Utah’s innovation ecosystem) with each other and the U’s resources. The center is responsible for all aspects of invention management, patent prosecution, licensing, start-up formation and support, equity, management and early stage funding. PIVOT Center is situated within the University of Utah Research Foundation, a not-for-profit 501(c)3 controlled by University of Utah.

Technology transfer is the traditional term for the movement of knowledge and discoveries from the university environment to the general public. This can occur through publications, educating students entering the workforce, exchanges at conferences, and relationships with industry. For the purposes of this guide, however, technology transfer refers to the technology commercialization process: licensing of university technology to third parties and the formation of new companies for the benefit of the region, the state of Utah and the world.

At the close of World War II, the U.S. government evaluated how money spent on basic research was benefiting the general public. Following years of political debate, it was determined that while intellectual property (IP) is important to capture and develop, it was also apparent that the government was ill equipped to manage such IP from its broad diversity of funded programs. Ultimately, the Bayh- Dole Act (Public Law 96-517) was passed in 1980 to create a uniform policy for all institutions of higher education accepting federal research funds. The Bayh-Dole Act allows universities and other non-profit institutions to have ownership rights to discoveries resulting from federally funded research provided certain obligations are met. Universities are required to protect and commercialize the discoveries, submitting progress reports to relevant funding agencies. The Bayh-Dole Act is credited with stimulating interest in technology commercialization activities and generating increasing research and educational opportunities, and economic development.

The university IP policy states that the university owns inventions, discoveries, and improvements made by faculty, staff and certain graduate students as a result of either university employment or through the use of university resources. For additional information, please refer to university policies which can be found here.

1. Starts With an Idea

2. Disclosure

An idea can be disclosed through the PIVOT Center website. Once submitted, a technology manager will be assigned to review the disclosure.

3. Review Process

A team of internal and external experts will evaluate the invention stage of development, market size, commercial opportunity, intellectual property protection options, funding requirements, and the likely commercial path. A comprehensive analysis is compiled into a “triage report” that is reviewed with the inventor to help them understand the potential of the invention and next steps.

4. Intellectual Property Protection

PIVOT Center works with independent attorneys specializing in intellectual property protection, many of whom also have a technical background. Working actively with the inventors and attorneys, intellectual property protection will be sought.

5. Market Inventions

PIVOT Center works with inventors to determine when an invention is ready to be licensed (either to a start-up or an existing company). Efforts to identify the best potential partner(s) are made.

6. License

PIVOT Center will work to negotiate a license based on equitable terms as efficiently as possible.

7. Products & Services

Once a license is executed, PIVOT Center works to support relationships with licensees to optimize commercial impact.

8. Royalty & Investment Income

PIVOT Center distributes royalty and investment income, per university policy, to inventors. Where possible, income is also re-invested into research grants and distributions to academic departments for commercialization development of future university inventions.

May I Use Material or Intellectual Property From Others in My Research?

It is important to carefully document dates and conditions of use so that PIVOT Center can determine if this use may influence the commercialization potential of your subsequent research results as well as the rights of other entities. If you wish to obtain materials from outside collaborators, an incoming material transfer agreement should be completed.

Will I Be Able to Share Material, Research Tools or Intellectual Property With Others to Further Their Research?

Many areas of research require researchers to openly share their results with other researchers in order for the overall field of research to progress. The university recognizes this and seeks to avoid having intellectual property policies limit performing quality research. It is imperative, however, to document items that are to be shared with others. If you wish to send materials/data to an outside collaborator, an outgoing material/data transfer agreement should be completed. It may also be necessary to have a confidential disclosure agreement completed to protect research results or intellectual property.

Will I Be Able to Publish the Results of My Research and Still Protect the Commercial Value of My Intellectual Property?

Yes, but since patent rights are affected by these activities it is best to submit an invention disclosure form well before any public communication or disclosure. There are significant differences between the U.S. and other countries as to how early publication affects a potential patent. Whenever public disclosure occurs, worldwide patent rights may be lost for that invention. Additionally, there is only a one-year period to obtain patent protection in the U.S. Whenever possible contact PIVOT Center prior to public disclosure to make sure your work is appropriately protected.

What Right Does a Research Sponsor Have to Any Discoveries Associated With My Research?

The U will use a sponsored research agreement or grant agreement to define the intellectual property rights of the sponsor. In the case of U.S. government funding (NIH, NSF etc.), the sponsoring agency maintains a non-revocable, non-exclusive license to use any discovery or technology. For commercial sponsored research the university typically retains ownership of any patent rights and other intellectual property resulting from the sponsored research. However, the sponsor may request rights to obtain a license to intellectual property arising from the research. Often, sponsored research agreements allow the sponsor a limited time to negotiate a license for intellectual property rights developed as the result of research. Even so, a sponsor generally will not have contractual rights to discoveries that are clearly outside the scope of the research (and which do not use funds from the research agreement). Therefore, it is important to define the scope of work within a research agreement. Sponsored research agreements are managed by the Office of Sponsored Projects (OSP). Their representatives work closely with PIVOT Center on intellectual property issues in sponsored research agreements. If you have questions please visit OSP’s website or call 801-581-8949.

What About Consulting?

When faculty or staff enter into consulting agreements, they remain bound by all university policies and procedures regarding the disclosure and ownership of existing and potential intellectual property. Consulting agreements are not negotiated by PIVOT Center but PIVOT Center does provide guidelines for faculty to better understand the process. Researchers who enter into consulting agreements should familiarize themselves with university policies relevant to consulting activities. A researcher is expected to ensure that the terms of a consulting arrangement are consistent with the university’s policies, including those related to IP ownership, employment responsibilities and use of intellectual property. 

How Do I Submit an Invention Disclosure?

When an inventor believes that they have made an invention, they need to disclose the information to PIVOT Center by filling out an online form known as an invention disclosure. This disclosure should list all sponsors of the research and should include all the information necessary to pursue intellectual property protection and commercialization activities. It is critical that each section be completed in as much detail as possible in order to avoid delays in processing. You should also note the date of any upcoming publications or other public disclosure describing the invention. This document will be treated as confidential. Shortly after your submission, you will be contacted by a PIVOT team member to discuss your invention and its potential commercial applications.

Why Submit an Invention Disclosure?

University faculty, staff, and certain graduate students and postdocs are responsible to disclose to PIVOT Center all inventions that could constitute intellectual property or copyrighted works. This is done through completion of an invention disclosure form. Invention disclosure is critically important for all projects and often required by certain agreements or funding agencies, especially where funding comes from the federal government, private foundation, or commercial sponsor. Federal law requires prompt disclosure. The university, inventors, and involved companies could lose significant rights if disclosures are not made promptly.

When Should I Disclose My Invention?

Any faculty, staff, or graduate students and postdocs who believes they may have created an invention or has a novel idea is obligated to disclose the nature of invention and provide background information and literature to PIVOT Center. An invention can be defined as inventions, discoveries, research tools, processes, know-how, or software that may solve a significant problem and/or have significant value. The invention does not have to be “market ready” and should be disclosed to PIVOT Center once a researcher can concisely define the invention. An invention disclosure form should always be submitted prior to public disclosure. To avoid overlooking disclosure of inventions, researchers should err on the side of inclusion and have PIVOT Center secure a professional evaluation. Note: Inventions that are publicly disclosed before a patent application is filed may lose patent protection.

Should I List Visiting Scientists, Collaborators From Other Universities or Collaborators From Industry on My Invention Disclosure Form?

All individuals providing meaningful contributions to the ideas leading to a discovery should be mentioned in your disclosure, even if they are not university employees. PIVOT Center will determine the rights of such persons and institutions.

Can a Student Contribute to an Invention?

Yes, a student may even be the sole contributor or inventor. University policy for ownership of an invention developed with or by a student (Policy 7-002: Patents and Inventions, and Policy 7-003: Ownership of Copyrightable Works and Related Works) can be found here.

Should I Disclose Research Tools?

Research tools include antibodies, vectors, plasmids, cell lines, mice, and other materials used as “tools” in the research process. Research tools do not necessarily need to be protected by patents in order to be licensed to commercial third parties and generate revenue for your laboratory. Other research tools (i.e. a new separation process) may require patent protection in order that a company will invest in the engineering development to make the process broadly useful. If you have research tools which you believe to be valuable, PIVOT Center will work with you to develop the appropriate IP protection, licensing, and distribution strategy.

Does Submitting an Invention Disclosure to Pivot Center Secure Patent Protection?

Submitting an invention disclosure does not directly result in any form of intellectual property protection. PIVOT Center assesses a technology for commercial applicability and then makes a determination as to the appropriate course of action. You will be kept well informed and be included in the invention analysis and subsequent processes.

What Constitutes Public Disclosure?

There is no perfect answer to this question, but public disclosure includes journal publications, website publications, presentations at conferences, posters, dissertation/master thesis or abstract publication. If you have questions about this please contact PIVOT Center.

What Is “Prior Art” and How Do I Find It?

Prior art refers to anything regarding a potential invention that has come before. Keep in mind, for instance, that a patent has to be novel and non-obvious. Journal publications, foreign patents, issued U.S. patents and patent applications are all areas that can constitute prior art. Since an inventor understands better than most what an invention entails, he or she should be familiar with as much of the prior art as possible regarding the invention space. Searches of the Internet, journal articles and patents are helpful examples of sources to conduct prior art searches. PIVOT Center has resources and researchers can also search the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO) website at www.uspto.gov.

What Happens After My Invention Disclosure Is Submitted?

One of the main functions of PIVOT Center is to evaluate new invention disclosures to determine their scientific uniqueness, potential for intellectual property protection and commercial potential. When a new disclosure is received, PIVOT Center checks for accuracy (all sections must be filled out in as much detail as possible) and verifies funding sources. If any of these components are not complete PIVOT Center cannot begin to process the disclosure. A complete disclosure is entered into the PIVOT Center database, assigned an ID number (“U#”) and assigned to the appropriate personnel who, typically with the help of the inventors, review the novelty of the invention, search the depth of competing technologies, conduct an IP search to determine the likelihood of protection and determine the commercial potential of a future product or service, including the amount of time and money required for further development.

What Can Be Patented?

An invention is patentable if it is novel, non-obvious, and useful. Novel, of course means new. Non-obviousness is achieved if someone who is skilled in the art would not have thought of the idea easily. A new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement may be eligible for patent protection. Methods making use of concepts and ideas may be eligible for patent protection. On the other hand, concepts and ideas per se are not patentable.

Who Is Responsible for Patenting?

PIVOT Center engages with outside patent counsel for patent protection, thus assuring access to specialists in diverse technology areas. Inventors work closely with patent counsel in drafting patent applications and responses to patent offices for countries in which patents are filed.

What Is the Patenting Process?

Patent applications are generally drafted by a patent attorney or a patent agent. The patent attorney will typically ask you to review an application before it is filed as well as ask questions about inventorship. At the time an application is filed, the patent attorney will ask the inventor(s) to sign an Inventor Declaration and an Assignment under which the inventor(s) confirms assignment of his or her rights in the patent (as per University policy) to the University of Utah, which in turn assigns its rights to the University of Utah Research Foundation.

Within 12-24 months, depending on the technology, the patent attorney will typically receive written notice from the USPTO as to whether the application and its claims have been accepted as patentable in the form as filed. More often than not, the USPTO rejects the application because either certain formalities need to be cleared up, or claims are not patentable over the prior art. This letter sent by the USPTO is referred to as an office action. If the application is rejected, the patent attorney must file a written response, usually within three to six months. Generally, the attorney may amend the claims and/or point out why the USPTO position is believed to be incorrect. This procedure is referred to as patent prosecution. Often it will take several USPTO office actions and responses from the attorney before the application is resolved. The resolution can take the form of a USPTO notice that the application is allowable and issue a patent. During the prosecution process, input from the inventors is often needed to confirm the patent attorneys’ understanding of the technical aspects of the invention and/or the prior art cited against the application.

Does It Cost Anything to File a Patent?

Unfortunately, it is not free to file a patent. Between USPTO filing fees and associated attorneys costs, filing a patent in just the United States can cost between $10,000 and $50,000. International patent filings are even more expensive as they cover a larger number of countries and often involve foreign attorneys and translators. A multi-nation filing can easily cost well over $100,000. Additionally, there are annual maintenance fees for all patents, expanding the total cost over the lifetime of a patent even further.

Who Pays for the Patent Costs?

Prior to a license, the University pays the costs of patent prosecution and maintenance. Once a technology is licensed, the University will typically transfer the associated costs to the licensee.

Who Owns the Invention and the Patents?

All IP is assigned to the University of Utah Research Foundation as dictated by University policy.

Will Filing a Patent Application Prevent Me From Publishing or Disclosing My Research?

No. Filing a patent application, however, typically must precede public disclosure.

Startup 360™

PIVOT Center offers a comprehensive array of support for startups. To learn more, visit our StartUp 360™ page.

in-Residence Program

Creating a company can be a unique journey. But experience and guidance benefit all startups. This is why PIVOT Center created the in-Residence program. We have accomplished entrepreneurs and mentors available to help answer questions large and small, as well as provide support from the benefit of their journeys. Even if you are just thinking about an idea for a company, it’s never too early to engage with one of our IR’s. To learn more visit our in-Residence program page.

Educational Programming

PIVOT Center hosts more than 50 educational programs annually from informal lectures to 3-day training programs. We curate these programs to deliver the latest approaches to commercialization from experts around the world. Please email our Events Team to be added to our invitation list.

Networking Events

PIVOT Center routinely hosts networking events in order to catalyze relationships across the innovation ecosystem. Please visit our calendar of events to view upcoming events.

Marketing

PIVOT Center uses many sources and strategies to identify potential licensees to market inventions. Sometimes existing relationships of PIVOT Center, the inventors and other individuals are useful in marketing an invention. We also employ market research to assist in identifying prospective licensees.

Confidentiality Agreements, MTAs and DTAs

A Confidential Disclosure Agreement (CDA) is an agreement between the University and an outside entity (company or person) to facilitate discussions of confidential information. For companies, sharing of their business needs and development problems can lead toward developing solutions with University personnel, but a company would not want such confidential information revealed to their competitors or inadvertently used to their disadvantage. For universities, maintaining confidentiality is important for preserving intellectual property and other rights. PIVOT Center can assist inventors with CDAs and other necessary documents such as Material Transfer Agreements (MTAs) and Data Transfer Agreements (DTAs). To request one of these forms visit here.

What Is a Startup?

A startup is a new business entity formed to commercialize one or more related products or services. Forming a startup business is occasionally an alternative to licensing intellectual property to an established business.

Who Decides to Form a Startup?

While the inventor’s input is taken into consideration, PIVOT Center decides if it is in the University's best interest, in regards to licensing a technology, to form a new company or to license to an existing company.

What Role Does an Inventor Play in a Startup?

There are a variety of considerations as to the role of an inventor in a startup. These include the nature and stage of the technology and the business plan of the company. This decision is also influenced by other members of the management team and outside investors.

Does the University Take Equity in Startups?

Typically, but not in all instances. The decision to take equity is dependent on certain factors, most of which are negotiated at the time of licensing.

As a Faculty/Staff Member, Would the University Allow Me to Start a Company and Continue My Position Here?

Yes. However, University policy does not release you from your University commitments, teaching and/or research duties, simply because you start a company. Remember, establishing a company requires considerable effort and time and operating a company takes even more commitment. Being involved in a startup also presents unique conflicts which must be disclosed and managed by employees and the University. While PIVOT Center can provide support for understanding commitments required to be successful, approval from your supervisor is typically required. Questions about conflicts should be directed to the Conflict of Interest Office.

What Services Does Pivot Center Have to Offer for Startups?

PIVOT Center offers a comprehensive array of support for startups. To learn more, visit our StartUp 360™ page.

What Is a License?

A license is a legal agreement that grants permission by the owner of intellectual property which allows another party to act under some or all of the owners’ rights.

How Is a Company Chosen to Be a Licensee?

A licensee is chosen based on its ability to commercialize the technology for the benefit of the general public. Sometimes an established business with experience in similar technologies and markets is the best choice. In other cases, the focus and intensity of a startup company is a better option.

What Does the Inventor Gain When My Invention Is Licensed?

Per University policy, a share of any financial return from a license is provided to the inventor(s). In addition, inventors enjoy the satisfaction of knowing their inventions are being developed for the benefit of the general public.

Be Realistic

Many inventions are very early-stage. Consider what strategies and resources are available to support further development of your invention.

Stay Informed

The technology landscape changes quickly! Track trends in your field and evaluate impacts on the commercial value of your invention.

Stay in Touch

Your expertise as the inventor is only one component of success! Actively engage with PIVOT Center and participate in outreach and seek qualified partners to join with in commercialization.